Co-learners Bibliography II

Paper format:

• Manuscript Submission Info Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied
• sample paper Mental Workload While Driving: Effects on Visual Search, Discrimination and Decision Making Miguel Recarte, Luis Nunes
• sample paper Does Computer-Synthesized Speech Manifest Personality? Experimental Tests of Recognition, Similarity-Attraction, and Consistency-Attraction Clifford Nass, Kwan Min Lee

Related work with colearning agents:

• Interaction with a Learning Companion to Learn by Teaching Jorge A. Ramirez Uresti

  Similar in identifying expertise and behavior of colearner agent as important concerns, different in that they want the student to teach the companion. System name= LECOBA, application = boolean algebra. 2x2 experiment, strong v. weak expertise, free v. motivated interaction. Weak companions annoyed users, strong companions were annoyed by the colearner's unwillingness to accept their guidance.

• SAFARI: a University-Industry Cooperative Project Claude Frasson Esma Aimeur

Describes using colearners "for distubance." e.g. agent can propose erroneous solutions to test student self-confidence, create cognitive dissonance to motivate learing.

• Evidence that Multiple Agents Facilitate Greater Learning Amy Baylor

  Study compares effect of having two pedagogical agents (Expert+motivator) vs. one agent (Mentor) in a learning exercise in an educational technology course. Participants with two agents had better recall of the material than those with one agent, and they found the material easier to learn. Not peer agents.

• Beyond Butlers: Intelligent Agents as Mentors. Ann Baylor

  Argues that pedagogical agents (mentors) need 1) regulated intelligence 2) existence of a persona and 3) pedagogical control to be effective for teaching.

• The evolution of research on collaborative learning P. Dillenbourg, M. Baker, A. Blaye, C. O'Malley

Most relevant part describes different approaches to collaborative learning:

Socio-constructivist: people learn more by interacting in pairs due to mediation of socio-cognitive conflict

Socio-cultural approach: social interaction induces individual cognitive change

Shared cognition approach: shared physical and social context affect the social meanings of interactions. Ideas are "jointly constructed"

see also Computer Supported Collaborative Learning Issues for Research Vive Kumar

• Social Influences on Metacognition: Effects of Colearner Questioning on Comprehension Monitoring Stuart A. Karabenick (Journal of Educational Psychology)

Studies effect of colearner questions on participants estimation of own understanding. People felt that they were more confused if the colearner asked more questions. The study used simluated colearners, not colearning agents.

• Peer Interaction and Problem Solving: When are Two Heads Better than one? Margarita Azmitia (Child Development '88)

  Experimental study indicating that students were better able to build a replica of a Lego model alone and with other students. Finds that collaboration more conductive to learning than individual work, and that collaborating with an expert makes you better able to generalize what you ahve learned. Focuses on expertise as key feature of collaborator.

• Cooperative Peer Interaction versus individual Competition and Individualistic Efforts: Effects on the Acquistion of Cognitive Reasoning strategies. Linda Skon, David W. Johnson and Roger T. Johnson (Journal of Educational Psychology '81)

  Students working in cooperative triads performed better on post-tests and had better reasoning than did students in competitive triads and students learning alone.